Atmospheric properties (fluids.atmosphere)¶
This module contains models of earth’s atmosphere. Models are empirical and based on extensive research, primarily by NASA.
For reporting bugs, adding feature requests, or submitting pull requests, please use the GitHub issue tracker or contact the author at Caleb.Andrew.Bell@gmail.com.
Atmospheres¶
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class
fluids.atmosphere.
ATMOSPHERE_1976
(Z, dT=0)[source]¶ Bases:
object
US Standard Atmosphere 1976 class, which calculates T, P, rho, v_sonic, mu, k, and g as a function of altitude above sea level. Designed to provide reasonable results up to an elevation of 86,000 m (0.4 Pa). The model is also valid under sea level, to -610 meters.
Parameters: Z : float
Elevation, [m]
dT : float, optional
Temperature difference from standard conditions used in determining the properties of the atmosphere, [K]
Notes
Up to 32 km, the International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) and World Meteorological Organization (WMO) standard atmosphere are identical.
This is a revision of the US 1962 atmosphere.
References
[R1] NOAA, NASA, and USAF. “U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976” October 15, 1976. http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19770009539. [R2] “ISO 2533:1975 - Standard Atmosphere.” ISO. http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=7472. [R3] Yager, Robert J. “Calculating Atmospheric Conditions (Temperature, Pressure, Air Density, and Speed of Sound) Using C++,” June 2013. http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA588839 Examples
>>> five_km = ATMOSPHERE_1976(5000) >>> five_km.P, five_km.rho, five_km.mu (54048.28614576141, 0.7364284207799743, 1.628248135362207e-05) >>> five_km.k, five_km.g, five_km.v_sonic (0.02273190295142526, 9.791241076982665, 320.5455196704035)
Attributes
T (float) Temperature of atmosphere at specified conditions, [K] P (float) Pressure of atmosphere at specified conditions, [Pa] rho (float) Mass density of atmosphere at specified conditions [kg/m^3] H (float) Geopotential height, [m] g (float) Acceleration due to gravity, [m/s^2] mu (float) Viscosity of atmosphere at specified conditions, [Pa*s] k (float) Thermal conductivity of atmosphere at specified conditions, [W/m/K] v_sonic (float) Speed of sound of atmosphere at specified conditions, [m/s] Methods
density
(T, P)Method defined in the US Standard Atmosphere 1976 for calculating density of air as a function of T and P. gravity
(Z)Method defined in the US Standard Atmosphere 1976 for calculating the gravitational acceleration above earth as a function of elevation only. pressure_integral
(T1, P1, dH)Method to compute an integral of the pressure differential of an elevation difference with a base elevation defined by temperature T1 and pressure P1. sonic_velocity
(T)Method defined in the US Standard Atmosphere 1976 for calculating the speed of sound in air as a function of T only. thermal_conductivity
(T)Method defined in the US Standard Atmosphere 1976 for calculating thermal conductivity of air as a function of T only. viscosity
(T)Method defined in the US Standard Atmosphere 1976 for calculating viscosity of air as a function of T only. -
R
= 8314.32¶
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static
density
(T, P)[source]¶ Method defined in the US Standard Atmosphere 1976 for calculating density of air as a function of T and P. MW is defined as 28.9644 g/mol, and R as 8314.32 J/kmol/K
\[\rho_g = \frac{P\cdot MW}{T\cdot R\cdot 1000}\]Parameters: T : float
Temperature, [K]
P : float
Pressure, [Pa]
Returns: rho : float
Mass density, [kg/m^3]
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static
gravity
(Z)[source]¶ Method defined in the US Standard Atmosphere 1976 for calculating the gravitational acceleration above earth as a function of elevation only.
\[g = g_0\left(\frac{r_0}{r_0+Z}\right)^2\]Parameters: Z : float
Elevation above sea level, [m]
Returns: g : float
Acceleration due to gravity, [m/s^2]
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static
pressure_integral
(T1, P1, dH)[source]¶ Method to compute an integral of the pressure differential of an elevation difference with a base elevation defined by temperature T1 and pressure P1. This is similar to subtracting the pressures at two different elevations, except it allows for local conditions (temperature and pressure) to be taken into account. This is useful for e.x. evaluating the pressure difference between the top and bottom of a natural draft cooling tower.
Parameters: T1 : float
Temperature at the lower elevation condition, [K]
P1 : float
Pressure at the lower elevation condition, [Pa]
dH : float
Elevation difference for which to evaluate the pressure difference, [m]
Returns: delta_P : float
Pressure difference between the elevations, [Pa]
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static
sonic_velocity
(T)[source]¶ Method defined in the US Standard Atmosphere 1976 for calculating the speed of sound in air as a function of T only.
\[c = \left(\frac{\gamma R T}{MW}\right)^{0.5}\]Parameters: T : float
Temperature, [K]
Returns: c : float
Speed of sound, [m/s]
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static
thermal_conductivity
(T)[source]¶ Method defined in the US Standard Atmosphere 1976 for calculating thermal conductivity of air as a function of T only.
\[k_g = \frac{2.64638\times10^{-3}T^{1.5}} {T + 245.4\cdot 10^{-12./T}}\]Parameters: T : float
Temperature, [K]
Returns: kg : float
Thermal conductivity, [W/m/K]
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-
class
fluids.atmosphere.
ATMOSPHERE_NRLMSISE00
(Z, latitude=0, longitude=0, day=0, seconds=0, f107=150.0, f107_avg=150.0, geomagnetic_disturbance_indices=None)[source]¶ Bases:
object
NRLMSISE 00 model for calculating temperature and density of gases in the atmosphere, from ground level to 1000 km, as a function of time of year, longitude and latitude, solar activity and earth’s geomagnetic disturbance.
NRLMSISE stands for the US Naval Research Laboratory Mass Spectrometer and Incoherent Scatter Radar Exosphere model, released in 2001; see [R4] for details.
Parameters: Z : float
Elevation, [m]
latitude : float, optional
Latitude, between -90 and 90 [degrees]
longitude : float, optional
Longitude, between -180 and 180 or 0 and 360, [degrees]
day : float, optional
Day of year, 0-366 [day]
seconds : float, optional
Seconds since start of day, in UT1 time; using UTC provides no loss in accuracy [s]
f107 : float, optional
Daily average 10.7 cm solar flux measurement of the strength of solar emissions on the 100 MHz band centered on 2800 MHz, averaged hourly; in sfu units, which are multiples of 10^-22 W/m^2/Hz; use 150 as a default [10^-22 W/m^2/Hz]
f107_avg : float, optional
81-day sfu average; centered on specified day if possible, otherwise use the previous days [10^-22 W/m^2/Hz]
geomagnetic_disturbance_indices : list of float, optional
List of the 7 following Ap indexes also known as planetary magnetic indexes. Has a negligible effect on the calculation. 4 is the default value often used for each of these values.
- Average daily Ap.
- 3-hour average Ap centered on the current time.
- 3-hour average Ap before the current time.
- 6-hour average Ap before the current time.
- 9-hour average Ap before the current time.
- Average Ap from 12 to 33 hours before the current time, based on eight 3-hour average Ap values.
- Average Ap from 36 to 57 hours before the current time, based on eight 3-hour average Ap values.
Notes
No full description has been published of this model; it has been defined by its implementation only. It was written in FORTRAN, and is accessible at ftp://hanna.ccmc.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/modelweb/atmospheric/msis/nrlmsise00/
A C port of the model by Dominik Brodowskihas become popular, and is available on his website: http://www.brodo.de/space/nrlmsise/.
In 2013 Joshua Milas ported the C port to Python. This is an interface to his excellent port. It is a 1000-sloc model, and has been rigorously tested against the C version, and the online calculation tool available at [R6] for parametric inputs of latitude, longitude, altitude, time of day and day of year.
This model is based on measurements other than gravity; it does not provide a calculation method for g. It does not provide transport properties.
References
[R4] (1, 2, 3) Picone, J. M., A. E. Hedin, D. P. Drob, and A. C. Aikin. “NRLMSISE-00 Empirical Model of the Atmosphere: Statistical Comparisons and Scientific Issues.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 107, no. A12 (December 1, 2002): 1468. doi:10.1029/2002JA009430. [R5] Tapping, K. F. “The 10.7 Cm Solar Radio Flux (F10.7).” Space Weather 11, no. 7 (July 1, 2013): 394-406. doi:10.1002/swe.20064. [R6] (1, 2) Natalia Papitashvili. “NRLMSISE-00 Atmosphere Model.” Accessed November 27, 2016. http://ccmc.gsfc.nasa.gov/modelweb/models/nrlmsise00.php. Examples
>>> atmosphere = ATMOSPHERE_NRLMSISE00(1E3, 45, 45, 150) >>> atmosphere.T, atmosphere.rho (285.54408606237405, 1.1019062026405517)
Attributes
rho (float) Mass density [kg/m^3] T (float) Temperature, [K] P (float) Pressure, calculated with ideal gas law [Pa] He_density (float) Density of helium atoms [count/m^3] O_density (float) Density of monatomic oxygen [count/m^3] N2_density (float) Density of nitrogen molecules [count/m^3] O2_density (float) Density of oxygen molecules [count/m^3] Ar_density (float) Density of Argon atoms [count/m^3] H_density (float) Density of hydrogen atoms [count/m^3] N_density (float) Density of monatomic nitrogen [count/m^3] O_anomalous_density (float) Density of anomalous oxygen; see [R4] for details [count/m^3] particle_density (float) Total density of molecules [count/m^3] components (list[str]) List of species making up the atmosphere [-] zs (list[float]) Mole fractions of each molecule in the atmosphere, in order of components [-] -
MWs
= [28.0134, 31.9988, 39.948, 4.002602, 15.9994, 1.00794, 14.0067]¶
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atrrs
= ['N2_density', 'O2_density', 'Ar_density', 'He_density', 'O_density', 'H_density', 'N_density']¶
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components
= ['N2', 'O2', 'Ar', 'He', 'O', 'H', 'N']¶
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fluids.atmosphere.
airmass
(func, angle, H_max=86400.0, R_planet=6371229.0, RI=1.000276)[source]¶ Calculates mass of air per square meter in the atmosphere using a provided atmospheric model. The lowest air mass is calculated straight up; as the angle is lowered to nearer and nearer the horizon, the air mass increases, and can approach 40x or more the minimum airmass.
\[m(\gamma) = \int_0^\infty \rho \left\{1 - \left[1 + 2(\text{RI}-1) (1-\rho/\rho_0)\right] \left[\frac{\cos \gamma}{(1+h/R)}\right]^2\right\}^{-1/2} dH\]Parameters: func : float
Function which returns the density of the atmosphere as a function of elevation
angle : float
Degrees above the horizon (90 = straight up), [degrees]
H_max : float, optional
Maximum height to compute the integration up to before the contribution of density becomes negligible, [m]
R_planet : float, optional
The radius of the planet for which the integration is being performed, [m]
RI : float, optional
The refractive index of the atmosphere (air on earth at 0.7 um as default) assumed a constant, [-]
Returns: m : float
Mass of air per square meter in the atmosphere, [kg/m^2]
Notes
Numerical integration via SciPy’s quad is used to perform the calculation.
References
[R7] Kasten, Fritz, and Andrew T. Young. “Revised Optical Air Mass Tables and Approximation Formula.” Applied Optics 28, no. 22 (November 15, 1989): 4735-38. https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.28.004735. Examples
>>> airmass(lambda Z : ATMOSPHERE_1976(Z).rho, 90) 10356.127665863998
Wind Models (requires Fortran compiler!)¶
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fluids.atmosphere.
hwm93
(Z, latitude=0, longitude=0, day=0, seconds=0, f107=150.0, f107_avg=150.0, geomagnetic_disturbance_index=4)[source]¶ Horizontal Wind Model 1993, for calculating wind velocity in the atmosphere as a function of time of year, longitude and latitude, solar activity and earth’s geomagnetic disturbance.
The model is described across the publications [R8], [R9], and [R10].
Parameters: Z : float
Elevation, [m]
latitude : float, optional
Latitude, between -90 and 90 [degrees]
longitude : float, optional
Longitude, between -180 and 180 or 0 and 360, [degrees]
day : float, optional
Day of year, 0-366 [day]
seconds : float, optional
Seconds since start of day, in UT1 time; using UTC provides no loss in accuracy [s]
f107 : float, optional
Daily average 10.7 cm solar flux measurement of the strength of solar emissions on the 100 MHz band centered on 2800 MHz, averaged hourly; in sfu units, which are multiples of 10^-22 W/m^2/Hz; use 150 as a default [W/m^2/Hz]
f107_avg : float, optional
81-day sfu average; centered on specified day if possible, otherwise use the previous days [W/m^2/Hz]
geomagnetic_disturbance_index : float, optional
Average daily Ap or also known as planetary magnetic index.
Returns: v_north : float
Wind velocity, meridional (Northward) [m/s]
v_east : float
Wind velocity, zonal (Eastward) [m/s]
Notes
No full description has been published of this model; it has been defined by its implementation only. It was written in FORTRAN, and is accessible at ftp://hanna.ccmc.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/modelweb/atmospheric/hwm93/.
F2PY auto-compilation support is not yet currently supported. To compile this file, run the following command in a shell after navigating to $FLUIDSPATH/fluids/optional/. This should generate the file hwm93.so in that directory.
f2py -c hwm93.pyf hwm93.for –f77flags=”-std=legacy”
If the module is not compiled, an import error will be raised.
References
[R8] (1, 2) Hedin, A. E., N. W. Spencer, and T. L. Killeen. “Empirical Global Model of Upper Thermosphere Winds Based on Atmosphere and Dynamics Explorer Satellite Data.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 93, no. A9 (September 1, 1988): 9959-78. doi:10.1029/JA093iA09p09959. [R9] (1, 2) Hedin, A. E., M. A. Biondi, R. G. Burnside, G. Hernandez, R. M. Johnson, T. L. Killeen, C. Mazaudier, et al. “Revised Global Model of Thermosphere Winds Using Satellite and Ground-Based Observations.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 96, no. A5 (May 1, 1991): 7657-88. doi:10.1029/91JA00251. [R10] (1, 2) Hedin, A. E., E. L. Fleming, A. H. Manson, F. J. Schmidlin, S. K. Avery, R. R. Clark, S. J. Franke, et al. “Empirical Wind Model for the Upper, Middle and Lower Atmosphere.” Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics 58, no. 13 (September 1996): 1421-47. doi:10.1016/0021-9169(95)00122-0. Examples
>>> hwm93(5E5, 45, 50, 365) (-73.00312042236328, 0.1485661268234253)
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fluids.atmosphere.
hwm14
(Z, latitude=0, longitude=0, day=0, seconds=0, geomagnetic_disturbance_index=4)[source]¶ Horizontal Wind Model 2014, for calculating wind velocity in the atmosphere as a function of time of year, longitude and latitude, and earth’s geomagnetic disturbance. The model is described in [R11].
The model no longer accounts for solar flux.
Parameters: Z : float
Elevation, [m]
latitude : float, optional
Latitude, between -90 and 90 [degrees]
longitude : float, optional
Longitude, between -180 and 180 or 0 and 360, [degrees]
day : float, optional
Day of year, 0-366 [day]
seconds : float, optional
Seconds since start of day, in UT1 time; using UTC provides no loss in accuracy [s]
geomagnetic_disturbance_index : float, optional
Average daily Ap or also known as planetary magnetic index.
Returns: v_north : float
Wind velocity, meridional (Northward) [m/s]
v_east : float
Wind velocity, zonal (Eastward) [m/s]
Notes
No full description has been published of this model; it has been defined by its implementation only. It was written in FORTRAN, and is accessible at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1002/2014EA000089/asset/supinfo/ess224-sup-0002-supinfo.tgz?v=1&s=2a957ba70b7cf9dd0612d9430076297c3634ea75.
F2PY auto-compilation support is not yet currently supported. To compile this file, run the following command in a shell after navigating to $FLUIDSPATH/fluids/optional/. This should generate the file hwm14.so in that directory.
f2py -c hwm14.pyf hwm14.f90
The fortran .pyf signature file is included with this project, but it can also be re-created with the command:
f2py -m hwm14 -h hwm14.pyf hwm14.f90
If the module is not compiled, an import error will be raised.
No patches were necessary to either the generated pyf or hwm14.f90 file, as the authors of [R11] have made it F2PY compatible.
Developed using 73 million data points taken by 44 instruments over 60 years.
References
[R11] (1, 2, 3) Drob, Douglas P., John T. Emmert, John W. Meriwether, Jonathan J. Makela, Eelco Doornbos, Mark Conde, Gonzalo Hernandez, et al. “An Update to the Horizontal Wind Model (HWM): The Quiet Time Thermosphere.” Earth and Space Science 2, no. 7 (July 1, 2015): 2014EA000089. doi:10.1002/2014EA000089. Examples
>>> hwm14(5E5, 45, 50, 365) (-38.64341354370117, 12.871272087097168)